Members of the Poaceae family, which includes all of the cereal crops, use benzoxazinoids alkaloids are derived from,

 With the help of DNA fingerprinting which can be used to determine paternity. There are three babies (Baby A, Baby B and Baby C) in a maternity ward, and three sets of confused and worried parents. (Father and Mother #1 are a couple, as are Father and Mother #2, and Father and Mother #3.) 

You do each PCR reaction and load each one into a separate well of an agarose gel, and then run the gel.

 

 Why is it that having more repeats leads to a band that is higher in the gel?

Wild type E. coli metabolizes the sugar lactose by expressing the enzyme ß-galactosidase. You have isolated a mutant that you call lac1–, which cannot synthesize ß-galactosidase and cannot grow on lactose (Lac–). During an condition isolate a mutation that constitutively expresses abnormally high levels of ßgalactosidase, which you designate lacc. Preliminary P1 transduction experiments indicate that lacc  is linked to the Tn5 insertion.  To map lacc  relative to lac1– you set up two reciprocal crosses. In the first cross you grow P1 on a strain that carries the Tn5 insertion and the lac1– mutation. You then use this lysate to infect a lacc mutant and select for Kanr. From 100 Kanr transductants examined, 20 are Lac–, 76 express ß-galactosidase constitutively and 4 show normal ß-galactosidase expression. In the second cross you grow P1 on a strain that carries the Tn5 insertion and the lacc mutation. You then use this lysate to infect a lac1– mutant, and select for Kanr. From 100 Kanr transductants examined, 81 are Lac– and 19  express ß-galactosidase constitutively. So what will be the correct order of  the Tn5 insertion and the lac1– and lacc  mutations. Express any measured distances as cotransduction frequencies.