Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP)

Zeaxanthin (C40)

all trans-Violaxanthin (C40)

9‘-cis-Neoxanthin (C40)

Xanthoxin (C15)

ABA-aldehyde (C15) Abscisic acid (C15) (ABA)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9341

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TGF-β latency

In the Golgi prodomain is proteolytically cleaved from the mature growth factor but remains noncovalently attached even after secretion.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9342

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Prodomain prevents the latent TGF-β 

from binding to a cell-surface receptor.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9343

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Prodomain forms disulfide linkages that localize the latent TGF-β to the surface of the secreting cell (GARP), to a nearby cell, or to the extracellular matrix (LTBP).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9345

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TGF-β activation

By cytoskeletal force transmitted by integrins

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9346

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The prodomains of TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 contain a RGD motif, that allows them to bind to integrins.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9347

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

During cell migration, a tensile force is generated which physically distorts the prodomain and frees the active TGF-β dimer, initiating TGF-β signaling.