Erythropoietin,

• secreted by kidney cells

• promotes proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow to increase the number of mature red cells in the blood

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 762

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 763

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The transition from the closed to the open complex involves “melting” between positions –11 and +2, with respect to the transcription start site.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 764

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Transition from CPC to OPC often called isomerization, does not require energy derived from ATP hydrolysis and is instead the result of a spontaneous conformational change in the DNA– enzyme complex to a more energetically favorable form.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 765

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The closed complex is converted into an open complex of 1.3 turns of the double helix in a series of steps by first “melting” a short region of DNA. 

This Isomerization is essentially irreversible and, once complete, typically guarantees that transcription will subsequently initiate.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 766

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Two bases in the non-template strand of the –10 element (A11 and T7) flip out from their base-stacking interactions and instead insert into pockets within the sigma protein where they make more favorable interactions for OPC

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 767

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Abortive transcription is when RNA Polymerase makes short transcripts, typically shorter than 10 nucleotides (nt), while still bound at the promoter.