A microtubule is a hollow cylindrical structure built from 13 parallel protofilaments, each composed of αβ-tubulin heterodimers stacked head to tail and folded into a tube.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1297

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Four classes of ATP-powered pumps:

P-class pumps

V-class pumps

F-class pumps

ABC Superfamily

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1298

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

ATP powered pumps transport ions and various small molecules across membranes always against their concentration gradients.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1299

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

P1 ATPases transports

Cu+, Ag+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Co2+.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1300

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

P2 ATPases transports 

Na+, K+, H+ Ca2+, Mg2+ and phospholipids

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1301

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

P3 ATPases transports-H+ & Mg+2 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1303

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Na+/K+ ATPase generates the low cytosolic Na+ and high cytosolic K+ concentrations.