F (fertility) factor Episome of E. coli that controls conjugation and gene exchange between cells.

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#Id: 8833

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

In plants, various nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) processes act as safety valves for photosynthesis that dissipate excess absorbed light energy harmlessly as heat

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#Id: 8834

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Buildup of a acidic thylakoid ΔpH in the presence of excess light resulting the thylakoid lumen activates an enzyme (violaxanthin de‐epoxidase) that converts violaxanthin into zeaxanthin

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#Id: 8835

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Protonation of a membrane protein (PSBS) that promotes a dissipative state of LHC proteins in the PSII antenna is also a major form of NPQ

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#Id: 8836

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8837

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The ascorbate-glutathione pathway (Halliwell-Asada cycle) is an indispensible component of the ROS homeostasis mechanism of plants.

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#Id: 8838

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The biosynthesis of chlorophylls and heme begins with the synthesis of δ‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) from glutamic acid. 

Two molecules of ALA react to yield porphobilinogen (PBG). 

Four molecules of PBG form the ring structure of protoporphyrin IX, the common branch point for the synthesis of heme and chlorophyll. 

To make chlorophyll, a magnesium chelatase inserts Mg into the protoporphyrin IX ring