Homoplasmy- All mutated mitochondria

Heteroplasmy- wild type + mutant mitochondria

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Two mechanisms for terminating cytokine signaling:

1. Short-term regulation: SHP1

2. Long-term regulation: SOCS proteins

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

SHP1 a phosphotyrosine phosphatase, contains:

SH2 domain  & Phosphatase domain

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

SHP1 

Binding of an SH2 domain to a phosphotyrosine in the activated receptor unmasks its phosphatase catalytic site

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

SHP1 causes removal of the phosphate from tyrosine in the activation loop of JAK2 & inactivates the JAK kinase.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

SOCS proteins 

expression is induced by the STAT5 in erythroid progenitor cells, inhibit or permanently terminate signaling over longer periods

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

All SOCS proteins contains:

SH2 domain

SOCS box