if their positions are altered by an inversion, their expression may be altered, an outcome referred to as a position effect.

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Generalized transduction Transduction in which any gene can be transferred from one bacterial cell to another by a virus.

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#Unit 8. Inheritance Biology

Specialized transduction Transduction in which genes near special sites on the bacterial chromosome are transferred from one bacterium to another.

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#Unit 8. Inheritance Biology

Prophage - Phage genome that is integrated into a bacterial chromosome.

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Temperate phage Bacteriophage that can undergo the lysogenic cycle, in which the phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome and remains in an inactive state.

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Bacterial Defense -

a. Secrete polysaccharide coats

b. Prevent viruses from injecting their nucleic acids

c. Restriction endonucleases

d. CRISPR- Cas systems

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#Unit 8. Inheritance Biology

Advantages of using bacteria and viruses for genetic studies

Reproduction is rapid. 

Many progeny are produced. 

The haploid genome allows all mutations to be expressed directly. 

Asexual reproduction simplifies the isolation of genetically pure strains. 

Growth in the laboratory is easy and requires little space. 

Genomes are small. 

Techniques are available for isolating and manipulating their genes. 

They can be genetically engineered to produce substances of commercial value.