Nucleotide changes, particularly those at the third position of the codon, that do not alter the amino acid sequence are called synonymous substitutions.

Nucleotide changes in a gene that alter the amino acid sequence of a protein are referred to as non-synonymous substitutions.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Thermal modulations are used in PCR for the functions of helicase and polymerase.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

In the PCR denaturation temperature calculated by using the Wallace rule, which is, Tm = 4 × (number of GC base pairs) + 2 × (number of AT base pairs).

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The size of a PCR product is mainly determined by the binding location of the PCR primers.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The standard PCR does not efficiently amplify sequences much longer than about 3 kb.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Size of the primer negatively affects the efficiency of PCR.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

PCR amplification is mathematically counted as 2n So 10 cycle leads to 1024 times amplification