People who are Δ32 homozygous for the deletion are highly resistant to HIV, while heterozygotes are partly resistant.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7147

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

There are three pathways for the synthesis of JAs, including the octadecane pathway starting from α-linolenic acid (18:3) and the hexadecane pathway starting from hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3). 

All three pathways require three reaction sites: the chloroplast, peroxisome, and cytoplasm. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7148

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

In plants, mechanical damage or insect feeding can cause rapid and transient accumulation of JA and JA-Ile at the site of injury, thereby activating the expression of defense genes surrounding the wound and producing a local defense response

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7149

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

In the local defense response, there are two ways of short-distance transmission of the JA signal. First, the systemin produced by the wounding acts as a signaling molecule, which is transmitted to the adjacent site through the apoplast and phloem to activate the JA cascade reaction pathway. Second, JA and JA-Ile induced by systemin act as signals and are transported to adjacent sites for defensive responses

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7150

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7151

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The defense response triggered by a traumatic signal can result in a local defense response near the wound and/or a systemic acquired resistance (SAR) at the uninjured site, and/or even induced defense responses from adjacent plants. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7152

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant