The lac promoter along with the bulk of other E. coli promoters, is recognized by RNA polymerase bearing the σ70 subunit.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Leukemias 

a class of sarcomas, grow as individual cells in the blood

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Melanoma 

Cancer that develops from the Pigment producing cells of skin

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Mutations in three broad classes of genes have been implicated in the onset of cancer. 

Protooncogenes

Tumor-suppressor genes

genome maintenance genes

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Loss-of-function mutations:

1. A deletion of all or part of a gene.

2. A point mutation in the coding sequence that introduce a stop codon or a frameshift.

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Gain-of-function mutations:

1. Duplication or amplification of the gene

2. A point mutation that results in a hyperactive or constitutively active protein product