The overall reaction rate for the bacterial RNA polymerase can be as fast as 40–50 nucleotides/ second at 37°C for most transcripts; this is about the same as the rate of translation (15 amino acids/sec), but much slower than the rate of DNA replication (800 bp/sec).

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#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Syncytial specification uses elements of both autonomous and conditional specification.

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#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

A cytoplasm that contains many nuclei is called a syncytium.

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#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Syncytial specification occurs when cell fates are determined in a syncytium of nuclei, as in the

Drosophila blastoderm

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#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

A cell is determined to a given fate if it maintains its developmental maturation toward this cell type even when placed in a new environment (commitment is irreversible).

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#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Determination

The process by which portions of the genome are selected for expression in different embryonic cells. 

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#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Cells can progress from totipotent to pluripotent to determined.