When the potential gradient E is applied, the force F on a molecule bearing a charge of Q  sepreated  by distance d (measured in coulombs) is                  (in newton). 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10464

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

MAD and MNT work with the SIN3 co-repressor protein to bring in histone deacetylases that help to block transcription

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10465

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

A classic inherited cancer syndrome is retinoblastoma, which is caused by loss of function of RB.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10466

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Children with hereditary (familial) retinoblastoma inherit one defective copy of the RB gene 

(sometimes seen as a small deletion on one of the two copies of chromosome 13)

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#Id: 10467

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Sporadic retinoblastoma, inherit two normal RB alleles, each of which has undergone a LOF somatic mutation in a single retinal cell

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10468

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Subsequent loss or inactivation of the remaining normal allele in a somatic cell, known as loss of heterozygosity causes cancer to develop.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10469

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Three mechanisms for LOH of tumor-suppressor genes:

Inactivating mutation or deletion

Chromosome missegregation

Mitotic recombination