SSR alleles differ in length.

Left and right primers correspond to unique sequences that flank the SSR locus.

PCR-amplification of two alleles of an SSR locus.

Gel electrophoresis distinguishes the alleles from each other. 

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Outside-in signaling

Binding of integrins to their ligands induces conformational changes in their cytoplasmic domains, directly or indirectly altering their interactions with cytoplasmic proteins

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Inside-out signaling

intracellular signaling pathways can, via adapter proteins, modify the ability of integrins to bind

to their extracellular ligands

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Integrin exist in two conformations: 

Inactive, low-affinity, “bent” conformation  

Active, high-affinity, “extended” conformation

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Activation of integrins involves:

Conformational changes near the propeller and 

 βA domains

Separation of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Hemidesmosomes are integrin-containing anchoring junctions that attach cells to elements of the underlying extracellular matrix.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Integrins have an important function in neuroregeneration after injury of the peripheral nervous system.