AFLP uses restriction enzyme-digested genomic DNA as template for PCR amplification using primers that contain the restriction enzyme recognition sites plus a number of, usually 2-3, arbitrary nucleotides.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation

begins after the ventricles are fully repolarized, marked by the end of the T wave on the ECG.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Rapid Ventricular Filling

ventricular pressure falls to its lowest level (below atrial pressure), the AV valve opens.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Rapid Ventricular Filling

Ventricular pressure remains low, because the ventricle is still relaxed and compliant.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Rapid Ventricular Filling

The rapid flow of blood from the atria to the ventricles produces the third heart sound (S3).

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Third heart sound (S3) 

normal in children but is not heard in normal adults

indicates volume overload, as in congestive heart failure or advanced mitral or tricuspid regurgitation.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Rapid Ventricular Filling

aortic pressure decreases as blood runs off from the aorta into the arterial tree, to the veins, and then back to the heart.