Einthoven’s Law

Lead I potential Lead III potential + = Lead II potential

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

The major NPF family is characterized by the presence of a region called WCA (WH2, connector, acidic)

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

One NPF is called WASp, as it is defective in patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

WASp activation requires two signals (This type of two-signal input, called coincidence detection):

1. regulatory phospholipid PIP2

2. small GTP-binding protein Cdc42

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

A second NPF is a large protein complex called WAVE

and requires small GTP-binding protein Rac1.

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Listeria is a food-borne bacterial pathogen has on its surface a protein ActA, which mimics an NPF that efficiently activates the Arp2/3 complex.