Gene expression can be quantified by measuring the accumulation of the protein products of genes. Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation 

are the favorite ways of accomplishing this task.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Heart rate is measured by counting the number of QRS complexes or R waves because they are most prominent per minute.

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#Unit 12. Applied Biology

Continuous cell lines are the cell lines that has gained the ability for infinite growth after transformation, which can occur spontaneously or can be chemically or virally induced. 

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

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#Id: 9424

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Parental investment - Parental investment refers to the contributions each sex makes in producing and rearing offspring.

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#Id: 1994

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The polyadenylation site has two cis-acting signals: 

An upstream AAUAAA motif, which is usually located 11 to 30 nucleotides from the site  A downstream U-rich or GU-rich element.