The carcinogenic effects of ionizing radiation and oxidizing agents are partly caused by free radicals that convert guanine to oxoG.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9946

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Eventually some of the merozoites differentiate into male and female gametocytes, which are ingested by a mosquito and differentiate into gametes in the mosquito’s gut. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9947

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The gametes fuse to form a zygote that differentiates to the sporozoite stage within the salivary gland of the mosquito.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9948

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Leishmaniasis

Leishmania is a flagellated protozoan that lives in the phagosomes of macrophages and is transmitted by sand flies.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9949

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Resistance to leishmaniasis correlates well with the production of IFN-ϒ and the development of a TH1 response.

Strains of mice that are naturally resistant to Leishmania develop a TH1 response and produce IFN-ϒ upon infection. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9950

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Parasitic Worms (Helminths) Typically Generate Weak Immune Responses

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9951

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Natural immunity to helminth infections is Th2-type responses, including ILC2s, and IL-4 and IgE production.