The “introns early” hypothesis is the proposal that introns have always been an integral part of the gene.  Genes originated as interrupted structures, and those now without introns have lost them in the course of evolution.

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#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

DNA polymerase does not synthesize new DNA strands de novo while RNA Polymerase initiates RNA synthesis de novo without primer

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

3 separate TGF-β receptor proteins participate in binding TGF-β and activating signaling:

RI, RII, and RIII

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Dollo’s law:  A biological generalization positing that complex characters, once lost in evolution, are extremely unlikely to reappear and thus the loss of complex characters is virtually always irreversible.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

In recording limb lead I, the negative terminal of the electrocardiograph is connected to the right arm and the positive terminal is connected to the left arm

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

ADAM is an abbreviation for a disintegrin and

Metalloprotease (disintegrin is a conserved protein domain that binds integrins and disrupts cell-matrix interactions)