An unrestrained supercoil in the DNA path creates tension, but no tension is transmitted along DNA when a supercoil is restrained by protein binding.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10034

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

An E3 ubiquitin ligase binds to Phosphoserines of I-κBα & links poly-K48-linked ubiquitin chains that target the attached I-κBα protein to the proteasomal degradation

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10035

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

NF-κB signaling is turned off by negative feedback

regulation because one of the genes whose transcription is induced by NF-κB encodes I-κBα.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10036

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Signalsomes 

Signal transduction by the interleukin 1 and TLRs involves formation of huge multiprotein complexes, activate I-κB kinase

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10037

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

IL-1β receptors contain a globular TIR domain; binding of IL-1β to IL-1 receptors triggers dimerization

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10038

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

After dimerization MyD88 proteins bind to the IL-1R through the TIRs, and facilitates the binding of many copies of the kinases IRAK4 and IRAK1 or IRAK2

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10039

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Activated IRAK1/2, binds TRAF6, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, to the signalsome, and promotes the formation of an extended 2-D lattice formed by TRAF6-TRAF6 interactions.