The degree of supercoiling of bacterial DNA is maintained by regulation of the net activity of topoisomerases, I and II.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9131

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Parasitoids develop as internal parasites of insect immature stages. The adult parasitoid lays its eggs in or on the host and the larvae usually develop internally. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9132

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Some parasitoids themselves serve as hosts for other parasitoids, which are known as hyperparasitoids.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9133

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Many species of macroparasites cannot complete their life cycles without the presence of at least two different host species

Definitive host - Exhibit sexual reproduction 

Intermediate hosts – Nonreproducing

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9134

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Enslaver parasite - Many parasites induce changes in the behavior or color of one host, making that host more susceptible to being eaten by a second host.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9135

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9136

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Dicrocoelium dendritium