His design allowed air inside the flasks to be exchanged with air from the outside, but prevented the introduction of any airborne microorganisms, which would get caught in the twists and bends of the flasks’ necks.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4953

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Type I phytochrome (phyA) in the light as a result of a combination of factors: inhibition of transcription, mRNA degradation, and proteolysis.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4954

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Type II phytochromes, these phytochromes are also present in etiolated plants. The reason is that the expression of their mRNAs is not significantly changed by light, and the encoded phyB through phyE proteins are more stable in the Pfr form than is PfrA.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4955

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Phytochrome is most heavily concentrated in the regions where dramatic developmental changes are occurring: the apical meristems of the epicotyl and root.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4957

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

very-low-fluence responses (VLFRs), low-fluence responses (LFRs), and high-irradiance responses (HIRs).

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#Id: 4958

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Phytochrome responses can be distinguished by the amount of light required to induce them. The amount of light is referred to as the fluence, which is defined as the number of photons impinging on a unit surface area. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 4959

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

In addition to the fluence, some phytochrome responses are sensitive to the irradiance, 2 or fluence rate, of light. The units of irradiance in terms of photons are moles of quanta per square meter per second (mol m–2 s–1).