Phase-contrast microscopy is suitable for observing single cells or thin cell layers.

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#Id: 4774

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

At the 4-cell stage, the EMS cell requires a signal from its neighbor (and sister cell), the P2 blastomere.

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#Id: 4775

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

The P2 cell produces the MOM-2 protein, a C. elegans Wnt protein.

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#Id: 4776

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

MOM-2 is received in the EMS cell by the MOM-5 protein, a C. elegans protein Frizzled.

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#Id: 4777

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Wnt signaling cascade is to downregulate the expression of the pop-1 gene in the EMS daughter destined to become the E cell.

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#Id: 4778

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

If the P2 cell is removed at the early 4-cell stage, the EMS cell will divide into two MS cells, and no endoderm will be produced.

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#Id: 4779

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

In pop-1-deficient embryos, both EMS daughter cells become E cells.