Two kinds of independence

1. The genes at each locus were independent in their assortment in meiosis
2. The genes were independent in their phenotypic expression
   
   
   

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Constitutively active Raf kinase

a glutamic acid substitution for the valine at position 600

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

MEK is a dual-specificity protein kinase

phosphorylates its target proteins on both tyrosine and serine/threonine

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In humans, there are three RAS, three Raf, two MEK, and two MAP proteins.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Mammalian MAP kinases include  Jun N-terminal kinases and p38 kinases, which are activated by signaling pathways in response to various types of stresses

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Phosphorylation by MEK at Y-185 and T-183 in activation loop of MAP kinase leads to a marked conformational change & promotes MAP kinase activation and dimerization.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling