In Escherichia coli, mismatches are detected by a dimer of the mismatch repair protein MutS.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Absorption of light causes rapid photoisomerization of the bound cis-retinal to the all-trans isomer, triggering a conformational change in opsin that activate the Gαt.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

There are about 90 million rod cells in the human retina, and each contains about 4x107 molecules of rhodopsin that are very densely packed in the membrane disks.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

RPE65 is the enzyme in the pigment epithelial cells of the retina that catalyzes the isomerization of the intermediate esterified all-trans retinol to 11-cis-retinol.