Altruism

Altruistic acts serve to benefit the individual’s close relatives, or kin. They enhance the fitness of other individuals—their offspring—at a cost to themselves.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3666

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Aminoacyl-tRNA Formation Is Very Accurate, the frequency of mischarging is very low; typically, less than 1 in 1000 tRNAs is charged with the incorrect amino acid.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3667

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Valyl-tRNA synthetase can sterically exclude isoleucine from its catalytic pocket because isoleucine is larger than valine.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3668

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The protein-coding region(s) of each mRNA is composed of a contiguous, non-overlapping string of codons called an open reading frame (commonly known as an ORF).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3669

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Translation starts at the 5’end of the ORF and proceeds one codon at a time to the 3’end. The first and last codons of an ORF are known as the start and stop codons.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3670

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

mRNAs containing multiple ORFs are known as polycistronic mRNAs, and those encoding a single ORF are known as monocistronic mRNAs.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3671

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

A polycistronic prokaryotic message with three ORFs. Each ribosome binding site is indicated by a purple box labeled RBS.