An individual carrying the allele can pass copies of it to his or her own children. This is the allele’s direct fitness. The allele can also pass extra copies of itself to the next generation as the result of the increased fitness of relatives that benefit from the altruistic individual’s actions. This is the allele’s indirect fitness. 

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#Id: 7597

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

The zona pellucida in mammals plays a role analogous to that of the vitelline envelope in invertebrates; the zona, however, is a far thicker and denser structure than the vitelline envelope

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#Id: 6314

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

There are 1100 sequences terminators in the E. coli genome

Intrinsic terminators include palindromic regions that form hairpins varying in length from 7 to 20 bp. The stem-loop structure includes a G-C–rich region and is followed by a run of 7U residues.

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#Id: 3086

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Minicells form when septum formation occurs too frequently or in the wrong place, with the result that one of the new daughter cells lacks a chromosome. 

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#Id: 2341

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Bacterial promoters

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#Id: 9110

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Predator-Prey Interactions

Models of predation need to consider predator effect on prey populations, and prey effects on predator population.

Also need to consider the time spent searching, subduing and consuming prey