A number of amino acids (Asp, Glu, Asn, Gln, Arg and His) have weak electronic transitions at around 210 nm. Usually, these cannot be observed in proteins because

they are masked by the more intense peptide bond absorption.

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Allele’s inclusive fitness = Direct fitness + Indirect fitness

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Hamilton’s rule

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Degree of genetic relatedness

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Altruism in social insects(haplodiploidy) Workers, rarely reproduce themselves but instead help one reproductive female (the queen) to raise offspring, a phenomenon called eusociality.

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

In the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps), Females develop from the queen’s fertilized eggs and are diploid. Males develop from the queen’s unfertilized eggs and are haploid—their sperm are genetically identical