GFP chromophore comprises an oxidized form of the tripeptide –Ser65–Tyr66–Gly67–.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6300

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6301

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The closed complex is converted into an open complex of 1.3 turns of the double helix in a series of steps by first “melting” a short region of DNA around the -10 region, giving an unstable intermediate open complex within the sequence bound by the enzyme.  Two bases in the non-template strand of the –10 element (A11 and T7) flip out from their base-stacking interactions and instead insert into pockets within the s protein where they make more favorable interactions. By stabilizing the single-stranded form of the –10 element, these interactions drive melting of the promoter region.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6302

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

During abortive Transcription, RNA Polymerase Remains Stationary and Pulls Downstream DNA into Itself RNA polymerase produces and releases short RNA transcripts of 10 nucleotides (abortive synthesis) before escaping the promoter, 

 

During abortive Transcription, RNA Polymerase Remains Stationary and Pulls Downstream DNA into Itself

RNA polymerase produces and releases short RNA transcripts of 10 nucleotides (abortive synthesis) before escaping the promoter, entering the elongation phase, and synthesizing the proper transcript. It has long been unclear how the enzyme’s active site translocates along the DNA template during initial abortive cycles of transcription. Three general models were proposed:- “transient excursion”, “Inchworming”, “Scrunching”

 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6303

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

RNA polymerase can initiate a new RNA chain de novo on a DNA template and thus does not need a primer

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6304

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Breaking and remaking bonds in the process of the nucleotide addition cycle and undergoing translocation by a Brownian ratchet mechanism.Indeed, rrn  transcription is insensitive to iNTP and ppGpp in mutants lacking DskA.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6305

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The E. coli rrn promoters are also regulated by a pair of small molecules: the initiating NTP (the iNTP) and an alarmone,  guanosine 5 -diphosphate 3-diphosphate (ppGpp). An abundance of iNTP indicates that the concentration of  nucleotides is high, and therefore it is appropriate to synthesize plenty of rRNA.