There are two types of probability distribution which are used for different purposes and various types of the data generation process.

a. Normal or Cumulative Probability Distribution

b. Binomial or Discrete Probability Distribution

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Touchdown PCR, has been devised to increase the specificity of PCR without lowering the efficiency.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Touchdown  PCR is initiated at very high annealing temperatures, which allow only perfectly matched primer-template DNA hybrids to form and support amplification. The annealing temperature is dropped in a stepwise fashion with each cycle of PCR. 

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The logic for hotstart PCR is as follows, most DNA samples used as template will have some single-stranded DNA. 

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

In case of hotstart PCR, After the reaction mixture is prepared, primers can pair to the single-stranded regions in a nonspecific manner. 

A more attractive alternative is to cover the reaction mixture with a plug of inert wax and place the critical reagent on top of this plug. 

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

A more attractive alternative is to cover the reaction mixture with a plug of inert wax and place the critical reagent on top of this plug. 

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis

The basic PCR mutagenesis system involves the use of two primary PCR reactions to produce two overlapping DNA fragments, both bearing the same mutation in the overlap region; this technique is thus termed overlap extension PCR .