High fluence (HF) or High Irradiance Response (HIR) 

Prolonged or continuous light (10 mmol m -2 ),

fluence rate is important and not fully photoreversible.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1523

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Primary building block of intermediate filaments is a dimer held together through the rod domains, which associate as a coiled coil.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1524

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Two dimers 

Tetramers

Protofilaments (Tetramers are assembled end to end)

Protofibril (Four protofilaments)

10-nm filament (Four protofibrils associate side

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1525

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1526

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Microtubules can be stabilized by side-binding microtubule associated proteins (MAPs).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1527

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

The short (∼20 amino acid) C-terminal tails of both α- and β-tubulin that protrude from the microtubule are enriched in glutamic and aspartic acids, the surface of the microtubule possesses a net negative charge.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1528

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Many MAPs are positively charged and bind to microtubles through electrostatic interactions.