Atrial systole 

ventricle is relaxed, & because the AV valve is open, the ventricle is filling with blood from the atrium, even prior to atrial systole.

#Id: 2479

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Separation of RNA, TRIS-borate with EDTA ( TBE) is typically used due to superior buffering capacity (beneficial for long run times).

#Id: 2480

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

TBE gives superior separation of smaller fragments (< 2 kb) in comparison to TAE and is often used for separation of small RNA molecules such as microRNA.

#Id: 2481

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Polyacrylamide Gel are formed by the polymerization of acrylamide monomer in the presence of smaller amounts of N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide (normally referred to as ‘ bis-acrylamide’).

#Id: 2482

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The polymerization of acrylamide is an example of free-radical catalysis and is initiated by the addition of ammonium persulfate and the base N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylenediamine ( TEMED).

#Id: 2483

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The polymerization of acrylamide is an example of free-radical catalysis and is initiated by the addition of ammonium persulfate and the base N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylenediamine ( TEMED

#Id: 2484

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

TEMED catalyzes the decomposition of the persulfate ion to give a free radical (i.e., a molecule with an unpaired electron):