Fourth heart sound (S4)

Not audible in normal adults

Heard in ventricular hypertrophy, where ventricular compliance is decreased

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8201

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Lysosome an interior pH of about 4.5–5.0

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8202

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Most of the lysosome membrane proteins, are highly glycosylated, which helps to protect them from the lysosome proteases

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8203

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

An H+ ATPase in the membrane pumps H+ into the lysosome, maintaining its lumen at an acidic pH.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8204

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Lysosome H+ pump are V-type ATPases and has a similar architecture to the F-type ATPases

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8205

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Membranes of late endosomes and lysosomes contain V-class proton pumps that act in concert with Cl- channels to acidify the vesicle lumen.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8206

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Plant vacuole act as

a storage organelle for nutrients and waste products

a degradative compartment

an economical way of increasing cell size

a controller of turgor pressure