Membranes of late endosomes and lysosomes contain V-class proton pumps that act in concert with Cl- channels to acidify the vesicle lumen.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9514

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Quorum sensing in Erwinia carotovora is mediated by N‐acylhomoserine lactones, small molecules released from the bacterial cells into the surrounding medium.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9515

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Phytoplasmas are specialized bacteria that are obligate parasites of the phloem tissue. They are mainly

spread by insects in the families Cicadellidae (leaf hoppers),

Fulgoroidae (plant hoppers), and Psyllidae (jumping plant

lice). 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9516

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The xylem‐colonizing bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is transmitted by various species of Homalodisca in the family Cicadellidae.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9517

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

During infection, most bacteria remain in extracellular spaces and use a specialized mechanism, the type III secretion system (T3SS), to deliver bacterial effector proteins into the plant cell

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9518

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The structural components of the T3SS are encoded by the clustered hypersensitive response and pathogenicity cluster (hrp) genes. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9519

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Many different types of bacterial Avr effectors delivered by type III secretion have been identified to be enzymes such as phosphatases, proteases, phosphoserine lyases, or E3 ubiquitin ligases that attenuate host defense signaling.