Saltatory conduction is a rapid process that allows myelinated axons to conduct up to 50 times faster than the fastest unmyelinated fibers

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1609

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLRs 1-10 are conserved between mice and humans, although TLR10 is not functional in mice, while TLRs 11-13 are expressed in mice but not in humans.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1610

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In most cases each TLR dimerizes with itself, forming a homodimer, but TLR2 forms heterodimers by pairing with either TLR1 or TLR6.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1611

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Structures of TLR2/1 with a bound lipopeptide and TLR3 with dsRNA.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1612

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLR4 move from the plasma membrane to endosomes/ lysosomes after binding LPS or other PAMPs.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1613

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

NF-₭B is key for inducing many innate and inflammatory genes, including those encoding defensins; enzymes such as iNOS.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1614

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Proinflammatory cytokines TNF-ᾳ, IL-1, and IL-6, produced by macrophages and dendritic cells.