The concentrating mechanism depends upon the maintenance of a gradient of increasing osmolality along the medullary pyramids

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9880

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Antimicrobial peptides generally are cysteine-rich, cationic, and amphipathic. 

Because of their positive charge and amphipathic nature, they interact with acidic phospholipids in lipid bilayers, forming pores and disrupting the membranes of bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9881

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Defensins and cathelicidin LL-37 are secreted constitutively by epithelial cells in many tissues, and are stored as well in neutrophil granules, where they contribute to killing phagocytosed microbes.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9882

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Cellular innate immune responses

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9883

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Phagocytosis

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9884

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9885

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Processes That Kill Phagocytosed Microbes

Agents include antimicrobial proteins and peptides, low pH, hydrolytic enzymes including lysozyme and proteases activated by the increasing acidity of the phagolysosomes, and specialized molecules that mediate oxidative attack.