Proprioceptors relay information about muscle length and tension

Chemoreceptor for taste and smell as well as visceral receptors such as those sensitive to changes in the plasma level of O2 , pH, & Osmolality

Photoreceptors respond to light

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2735

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

In Run-on transcription- the RNA polymerase that has already initiated transcription in vivo simply “runs on” or continues to elongate the same RNA chains. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2736

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The run-on reaction is usually done in the presence of labeled nucleotides so the products will be labeled.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2737

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Nuclear run-on transcription is a way of ascertaining which genes are active in a given cell by allowing transcription of these genes to continue in isolated nuclei.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2738

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The run-on assay can also be used to determine the effects of assay conditions on nuclear transcription.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2739

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

To measure the activity of a promoter, one can link it to a reporter gene, such as the genes encoding b-galactosidase, CAT, or luciferase, and let 

the easily assayed reporter gene products indicate the activity of the promoter.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2740

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

You can use S1 mapping or primer extension analysis to do this measurement, but you can also substitute a reporter gene for the natural gene, and then assay the activity of the reporter gene product.