The holoenzyme assembles on replication fork DNA in three stages:

1. First the clamp loader uses hydrolysis of ATP to bind b subunits to a template primer complex.

2. Binding to DNA changes the conformation of the site on b that binds to the clamp loader, and as a result it now has a high affinity for the core polymerase

3. A t dimer binds to the core polymerase, and provides a dimerization function that binds a second core polymerase

#Id: 2726

#Unit 12. Applied Biology

Scorable reporter genes

The gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) isolated from the jellyfish (Aequorea victoria) has emerged as a very useful scorable marker, and it does not require addition of any substrate, cofactor.

Gene uidA encodes the enzyme β-glucourinidase, which acts on the substrate X-gluc (5-Br-4 Cl-3-indolyl-β-D-glucuronide). The substrate is cleaved by the enzyme within plant cells (transformed/transgenic), and the product is converted into an insoluble blue precipitate at the site of enzyme activity.

#Id: 8829

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

When PSII receives more light than PSI, plastoquinone becomes predominantly reduced, resulting in activation of the LHCII kinase. The kinase phosphorylates LHCII, resulting in migration of LHCII away from the granal region where it can associate with PSI, thereby adjusting the relative excitation of PSII and PSI.

#Id: 1561

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Principal signaling receptor for Wnt proteins is Frizzled (Fz), which contains seven transmembrane α helices.

#Id: 9573

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Eon > Era > Period > Epoch

#Id: 10559

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling