Fat and muscle cells express large amounts of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1768

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Factors that promote tolerance rather than stimulation

a. High doses of antigen

b. Long-term persistence of antigen in the host

c. Intravenous or oral introduction

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1769

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Absence of adjuvants

a. Low levels of costimulation

b. Presentation of antigen by immature

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1770

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

CD28 on the T cell and CD80/86 (B7) on the APC provided the costimulatory signal required for T-cell activation.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1771

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

An antigen presented to T cells without appropriate costimulation results in a form of tolerance known as anergy.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1772

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

CTLA-4 bind to CD80/86 and inhibits T-cell.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1773

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Third mechanism for maintaining tolerance, in addition to T-cell anergy and apoptosis, is through the activity of regulatory T cells (TREG cells).