Xic is a complex genetic locus that expresses several long noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). The most important of these is a gene called Xist (X  (X inactive specific transcript), which is stably expressed only on the inactive X chromosome.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The merozoites infect red blood cells, which eventually rupture, releasing more merozoites. 

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Eventually some of the merozoites differentiate into male and female gametocytes, which are ingested by a mosquito and differentiate into gametes in the mosquito’s gut. 

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The gametes fuse to form a zygote that differentiates to the sporozoite stage within the salivary gland of the mosquito.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Leishmaniasis

Leishmania is a flagellated protozoan that lives in the phagosomes of macrophages and is transmitted by sand flies.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Resistance to leishmaniasis correlates well with the production of IFN-ϒ and the development of a TH1 response.

Strains of mice that are naturally resistant to Leishmania develop a TH1 response and produce IFN-ϒ upon infection. 

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Parasitic Worms (Helminths) Typically Generate Weak Immune Responses