In heterozygotes DUPLICATIONS - The pairing and synapsis of homologous regions require that one or both chromosomes loop and twist. 

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Gene expression can be quantified by measuring the accumulation of the protein products of genes. Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation 

are the favorite ways of accomplishing this task.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is a DNA marker that is defined by differences between individuals in terms of DNA regions either being or not being; amplified in a polymerase chain reaction primed by random oligonucleotide (usually, 10-mer) sequences. 

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Polymorphism is produced due to the complementary sequence for the primer used being

present in one strain (strain A) but not in the other (strain B). As a result, an amplification product will be detectable as a band in strain A, while strain B will not show the product.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

RAPDs behave as dominant markers and are recognized by the primer used for amplification.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

RAPD bands are treated as independent loci;

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

A comparison between RFLP and RAPD markers for genome mapping in plan