Epiboly: The thinning and spreading of the animal cap cells over the vegetal hemisphere, powered by proliferation and radial intercalation. is critical for activating the genes that specify cells to be endoderm. Thus, the fate of the vegetal cells is to become endodermal

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3338

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

F1 has nine subunits of five different types, with the composition α₃ β₃ ϒδε

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3340

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Each of the three β subunits has one catalytic site for ATP synthesis.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3341

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Fo complex, with its proton pore, is composed of three subunits, a, b, and c, in the proportion ab₂ C_n, where n ranges from 8 to 15 in various organisms; in yeast, it is 10.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3342

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Subunit c is a small (Mr 8,000), very hydrophobic polypeptide, consisting almost entirely of two transmembrane helices, with a small loop extending from the matrix side of the membrane

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3343

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3344

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Each c subunit has a critical Asp (or Glu) residue about midway across the membrane, which can donate or accept a proton.