During first cleavage, GBP, Dsh, and Wnt11 are brought into the future dorsal section of the embryo protect β-catenin

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 758

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The overall reaction rate for the bacterial RNA polymerase can be as fast as 40–50 nucleotides/second at 37°C for most transcripts; this is about the same as the rate of translation (15 amino acids/sec), but much slower than the rate of DNA replication (800 bp/sec).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 759

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Four Steps for bacterial transcription

1. Promoter search->closed promoter complex -> open promoter complex

2. Abortive transcription->Promoter Escape->Initiation from +1 TSS 

3. Elongation

4. Termination

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 760

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Promoter search->closed promoter complex -> open promoter complex

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 761

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Sigma factor ensures that bacterial RNA polymerase initiates transcription from specific sites, also reduces binding to nonspecific sequences.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 762

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 763

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

The transition from the closed to the open complex involves “melting” between positions –11 and +2, with respect to the transcription start site.