When a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the genotypic frequencies are determined by the allelic  frequencies.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10547

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Apoptosis of mammalian cells is activated by either: Intrinsic signaling pathways

Extrinsic signaling pathways

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10548

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Intrinsic apoptosis pathway is mediated by an activated initiator caspase (caspase-9)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10549

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Extrinsic apoptosis pathway, is initiated by ligands of death receptor family TNFα and FasL (trimeric ligand)

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#Id: 10550

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Extrinsic (death receptor–regulated) apoptosis pathway

binding of TNFα to TNFR1, a DD-containing death

receptor, recruits another two DD-containing

signaling molecules, TRADD and RIPK1

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10551

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The activation of RIPK1 kinase is a key decisive event that can initiate cell death by either apoptosis or necroptosis.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10552

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Activated RIPK1 can bind to FADD, which serves as an adapter to recruit and activate caspase-8