There are ‘n’ numbers of alleles at a given locus in a diploid population. The proportion of all  homozygotes in the population

A. All alleles are equal abundant

B. All alleles are not in equal abundant

(1) 1/n and <1/n  (3) 1/n2 and <1/n2

(2) 1/n and >1/n  (4) 1/n2 and >1/n2

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Atrial systole

The P wave is caused by spread of depolarization through the atria and is followed by atrial contraction.

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Atrial systole 

Increase in atrial pressure is reflected back to the veins, it appears on the venous pulse record as the a wave.

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Atrial systole 

ventricle is relaxed, & because the AV valve is open, the ventricle is filling with blood from the atrium, even prior to atrial systole.

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When blood is actively ejected from the atrium to the ventricle through the open AV valves. The corresponding “blip” in ventricular pressure reflects this additional volume added to the ventricle from atrial systole.

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Fourth heart sound (S4)

Not audible in normal adults

Heard in ventricular hypertrophy, where ventricular compliance is decreased

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Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction

Initiates contraction of the ventricles

Intraventricular pressure rises sharply as the myocardium presses on the blood in the ventricle