Transport of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and movement of macromolecules, including mRNAs, tRNAs, and ribosomal subunits, out of the nucleus occurs through nuclear pores, which span both membranes of the nuclear envelope.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10076

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Integrins are the principal receptors used by animal cells to bind to the extracellular matrix. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10077

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

An integrin molecule is composed of two noncovalently associated transmembrane glycoprotein subunits called α and β.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10078

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10079

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Integrins function as transmembrane linkers (integrators) between the extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10080

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Integrins bind extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins, 

1. Laminins  

2. Collagens 

3. Fibronectin

4. Vitronectin

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10081

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Fibronectin binds to integrin through an RGD motif.