Transport of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and movement of macromolecules, including mRNAs, tRNAs, and ribosomal subunits, out of the nucleus occurs through nuclear pores, which span both membranes of the nuclear envelope.

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#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

In sea urchins, the acrosome reaction is initiated by sulfate-containing polysaccharides in the egg jelly.

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Cryptic mutants” of lac operon make b-galactosidase but still could not grow on lactose means they are essentially Y-

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

KNOXI gene and GA2 oxidase are primary regulators of GA

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Inherited a single mutant NF1 allele then develop neurofibromas, a benign tumor of the sheath cells that surround nerves, caused by loss of both alleles through LOH.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Neoantigens are self-antigens generated by tumor cells because of genomic mutations, also derive from unique proteins or peptides produced by dysregulated RNA splicing and disordered post-translational protein modification