Mitochondrial fusion and fission are mediated by a set of GTPase enzymes:

Mitochondrial fusion -MFN1/2 & OPA1

Mitochondrial fission- DRP1

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Passive vaccine- Measles, Rabies, Snake bite, Hepatitis A and B, Cytomegalovirus, Diphtheria

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Active Immunization

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For good vaccine

a. The vaccine must be safe

b. It must be effective in preventing infection

c. Activation of the humoral and cell-mediated

d. Development of long-term immunologic memory

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Clinical trials

Phase I clinical trials assess human safety; a small number of volunteers are monitored closely for adverse side effects.

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Phase II where effectiveness against the pathogen in question is evaluated.

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Phase III clinical trials are run in expanded volunteer populations.