When the environment of a cell has inadequate oxygen, enzymatic modification of proteins on the outer mitochondrial membrane induces mitophagy.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1615

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

C-type lectin receptor CLRs are plasma membrane receptors expressed variably on monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, B cells, and T-cell subsets.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1616

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Humans CLRs that function as PRRs, most of which recognize one or more specific sugar moieties such as mannose (e.g., the mannose receptor and DC-SIGN), fucose (e.g., Dectin-2 and DC-SIGN), and glucans (e.g., Dectin-1).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1617

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Humans CLRs that function as PRRs, most of which recognize one or more specific sugar moieties such as mannose (e.g., the mannose receptor and DC-SIGN), fucose (e.g., Dectin-2 and DC-SIGN), and glucans (e.g., Dectin-1).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1618

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Chronic inflammation causes by IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-18.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1619

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

IL-10 and TGF-β regulate inflammation.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1620

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLR4 is unique in binding both MyD88 (when it is in the plasma membrane, signaling its endocytosis) and TRIF (when it is in endosomes, after internalization).