Race between effector and ETI evolution is an example of coevolution between plants and pathogens

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5685

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The posterior lobe hormones are nanopeptides with a disulfide ring at one end

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1432

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Hemidesmosomes are integrin-containing anchoring junctions that attach cells to elements of the underlying extracellular matrix.

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#Id: 3284

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Nicking is followed by the action of a specific helicase (UvrD) and one of three exonucleases.

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#Id: 3265

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Protein components of the mitochondrial electron-transfer chain

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#Id: 8275

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Since the hydrogen donor (N, O, or F) is strongly electronegative, it pulls the covalently bonded electron pair closer to its nucleus, and away from the hydrogen atom.

The hydrogen atom is then left with a partial positive charge, creating a dipole-dipole attraction between the hydrogen atom bonded to the donor and the lone electron pair of the acceptor. This results in a hydrogen bond.