Two major classes of actin-nucleating proteins:

1. Formins nucleate the assembly of unbranched filaments 

2. Arp2/3 complex nucleates the assembly of branched actin networks

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Activation of integrins involves:

Conformational changes near the propeller and 

 βA domains

Separation of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains

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Hemidesmosomes are integrin-containing anchoring junctions that attach cells to elements of the underlying extracellular matrix.

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Integrins have an important function in neuroregeneration after injury of the peripheral nervous system.

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Three major classes of animal-cell junctions: 

1. Anchoring junctions

2. Tight junctions

3. Gap junctions

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Adherens junctions 

Adhesion type- Cell-cell

Principal CAMs- Cadherins

Cytoskeletal attachment- Actin filament

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Adherens junctions

functions as a tension cable that can internally brace the cell and thereby control its shape