Two major classes of actin-nucleating proteins:

1. Formins nucleate the assembly of unbranched filaments 

2. Arp2/3 complex nucleates the assembly of branched actin networks

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8034

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Nonpolar amino acids have three ionisations zones

1. 1--------pK1 – charge +1

2. pK1---------pK2 charge 0

3. pK2---------14 charge -1

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8035

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Negatively charged amino acids have four ionisations zones

1. 1--------pK1 – charge +1

2. pK1---------pKr charge 0

3. pKr---------pK2 charge -1

4. pK2---------14 charge -2

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8036

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Lys & Arg have four ionisations zones

1. 1--------pK1 – charge +2

2. pK1---------pK2 charge +1

3. pK2---------pKr charge 0

4. pKr---------14 charge -1

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8037

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Lys & Arg have ionisation series

1------pK1-----pK2--------pKr------14

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8038

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

His ionisation series

1------pK1-----pKr--------pKr------14

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8039

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Glycine at pH 2.34, where there is an equal mixture of

  the average or net positive charge is 0.5 or +1/2