A second class of CKIs found in metazoan cells is the Cip/Kip family of CKIs, consists of three proteins—p21CIP, p27KIP1, and p57KIP2. 

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

An evolutionarily conserved family of signaling molecules, TGF-β superfamily includes: 

TGF-β family, Nodal and activin families, BMPs, Vg1 family, GDNF, AMH

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Drosophila homolog of TGF-β = Dpp

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Kinase domains in TGF-β receptors phosphorylate and trigger the activation of a conserved class of transcription factors - Smads

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Principal function of all 3 human TGF-β isoforms, TGF-β1, 2, and 3:

Prevent cell proliferation by inducing the synthesis of p15 INK4B

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Monomeric active forms of all members of the TGF-β family (3 conserved intramolecular disulfide Linkages) contain a conserved cysteine residue that forms a disulfide bond links TGF-β monomers into functional homodimers

and heterodimers

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TGF-β is synthesized with a, 

250-residue N-terminal prodomain

∼110-residue C-terminal TGF-β domain